Tigrayan War: A Legacy of Resistance and Resilience Embodied by Hailé Selassie I

The Tigrayan War, a complex and tragic conflict that engulfed Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022, has left deep scars on the nation’s psyche. While discussions often focus on the immediate political and military ramifications, understanding the roots of this conflict requires delving into Ethiopia’s rich history, marked by periods of both unity and division. In this context, the legacy of Emperor Hailé Selassie I, who reigned from 1930 to 1974, offers crucial insights into the forces that have shaped modern Ethiopia.

Hailé Selassie, born Tafari Makonnen, ascended to the throne during a tumultuous era marked by Italian colonization attempts. His reign saw Ethiopia emerge as a beacon of Pan-Africanism and modernity on the African continent. However, Selassie’s rule was not without its complexities and contradictions. While credited with modernizing the Ethiopian state through infrastructure development and educational reforms, he also faced criticism for autocratic tendencies and suppression of dissent.

Selassie’s role in Ethiopia’s complex tapestry is intrinsically linked to the Tigray region. Tigrayans have long been a prominent force in Ethiopian politics and society. Selassie recognized this influence and sought to build bridges with the region, appointing Tigrayan officials to key positions within his government.

Nevertheless, tensions simmered beneath the surface. The centralization of power under Selassie’s rule and the perceived marginalization of certain ethnic groups, including the Tigreans, fueled a growing sense of discontent. This underlying tension would later erupt into full-fledged conflict following Selassie’s overthrow in 1974.

Understanding Hailé Selassie’s Complex Legacy

Examining Hailé Selassie’s legacy necessitates a nuanced approach that acknowledges both his achievements and shortcomings. While lauded for modernizing Ethiopia and promoting Pan-African unity, he was also criticized for suppressing political opposition and consolidating power. This paradox is a testament to the complex realities of leadership in a diverse and historically fraught nation like Ethiopia.

Selassie’s relationship with Tigray was multifaceted. His efforts to incorporate Tigrayan leaders into his administration were intended to solidify his rule and maintain stability. However, these attempts also reflected the historical significance of Tigray within the Ethiopian political landscape. Selassie understood that securing Tigrayan support was crucial for consolidating his power.

Despite these efforts, underlying tensions persisted. The centralized nature of Selassie’s rule and the perceived marginalization of certain ethnic groups, including the Tigreans, sowed seeds of discontent that would ultimately contribute to the outbreak of the Tigrayan War decades later.

Selassie’s legacy remains a subject of intense debate among historians and Ethiopians alike. While his role in modernizing Ethiopia and promoting Pan-Africanism is undeniable, his authoritarian tendencies cast a shadow over his achievements. Understanding Selassie’s complex relationship with Tigray is crucial for comprehending the historical context that fueled the Tigrayan War.

The Seeds of Conflict: From Selassie to the Present

Hailé Selassie’s overthrow in 1974 by the Derg, a military junta, marked a turning point in Ethiopian history. The Derg regime, known for its brutality and Marxist ideology, further exacerbated ethnic tensions.

Following the Derg’s fall in 1991, Ethiopia adopted a federal system designed to address the concerns of different ethnic groups. However, this system faced challenges, with power struggles and accusations of marginalization continuing to plague the country.

The Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), which emerged as a dominant force during the struggle against the Derg, played a pivotal role in shaping post-Derg Ethiopia. The TPLF led the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) coalition that governed the country for nearly three decades.

However, tensions within the EPRDF eventually led to its disintegration. Abiy Ahmed, who became Prime Minister in 2018, sought to consolidate power and centralize decision-making. This move alienated the TPLF, which accused Abiy of undermining Tigray’s autonomy and marginalizing its interests.

These simmering tensions culminated in the outbreak of the Tigrayan War in November 2020. The conflict has been characterized by widespread violence, human rights abuses, and a devastating humanitarian crisis.

Reconciliation and a Path Forward: Learning from History

The Tigrayan War underscores the complexities of Ethiopian history and politics. Addressing the underlying issues that fueled this conflict requires a comprehensive approach rooted in reconciliation, dialogue, and a commitment to inclusivity.

Understanding Hailé Selassie’s complex relationship with Tigray offers valuable insights into the historical roots of this conflict. It highlights the importance of addressing ethnic grievances, ensuring equitable distribution of power and resources, and fostering genuine national unity.

While the road to healing is long and arduous, Ethiopians have a unique opportunity to learn from their past and forge a more just and peaceful future. Only through honest dialogue, mutual understanding, and a shared commitment to inclusivity can Ethiopia overcome its deep divisions and embark on a path towards lasting peace.